There have been much progresses in motor learning research these days. It is necessary to reconsider how the trend of the research progresses in the aspect of research boundary and the direction. In this study, the theories of motor learning were examined and some research areas were especially discussed. The main issues of discussion were the expertise, neurological change of the brain in motor learning, expressive movement learning, and coordination changes in the process of motor skill acquision. For the future directions of reasearch, four issues were suggested as followings: multidisciplinary approach for solving the coordination issues, the possibility of employing man-machine interface, the development of virtual motor learning system, the contribution to the lifespan motor learning including physical education.

Athletes are often experiencing burnout from excessive daily practices. It has been recognized that athletes` burnout exerts negative influence on their performance. This understanding attracted significant amount of attentions from scholars, which resulted in diverse studies on burnout. Raedeke and Smith (2001) developed Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) to measure the level of burnout among athletes. ABQ is composed of three sub-constructs of emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, Devaluation of sport participation. The current study examined whether the three sub-constructs of ABQ had construct invariance among three different levels of middle school, highschool, and college students. To accomplish the purpose, data were collected from 437 athletes. A multi-group analysis was employed to examine the invariance among the three groups of data. The results indicated that the scale was invariant among the thee groups in terms of configural invariance, measurement invariance, scalar invariance, and factor variance invariance. This indicates that the scale can be applied to the three groups expecting that the respondents in the three group should react to the items equally for the three sub-constructs of emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, Devaluation of sport participation. The results of the latent means analyses indicated that the mean scores of reduced sense of accomplishment showed statistically significant mean difference. The mean score from high school group was higher than that of middle school and college students. The effect size, which was measured with Cohen`s d was medium. A further discussions on the use of ABQ and its invariance among the three groups is presented.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 16 week aqua exercise on mental health and self-efficacy of chronic hemiplegic patients. Sixteen chronic hemiplegic patients, aged 37-50, admitted to P-welfare center in Seou,l were employed for this study, and randomly divided into two groups: experimental group(8) and controlled one(8). Analysis of covariance was conducted at the .05 level of significance in this study. The main results were as follows. The experimental group showed significant positive changes in such mental health factors as tension, anger, fatigue and stamina and also in such physical self-efficacy factors as physical ability, expression and self-confidence. Therefore, aqua exercise is expected to help not only chronic hemiplegic patients but also other disabled persons mentally rehabilitated if applied with consideration of patient`s characteristics.

With an aim to investigate both intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations of participation in amateur golfers, randomized 256 people who are practicing at the driving ranges in J areas of Gyoungnam have been selected as objective samples. Statistical analysis of gender-based those age, experience, and average scoring effects have been performed with Two-way ANOVA and the observed results are as follow. 1. Those intrinsic motivations like technical development, pleasure, achievement were not significantly affected but those extrinsic motivations like sociality (p<0.001), health and fitness (p<0.05), and extrinsic ostentation (p<0.05) were significantly affected by age. However, males were shown to have higher intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations. 2. Those intrinsic motivations like technical development (p<0.05) and pleasure (p<0.001) were found to be affected significantly by experiences but those Extrinsic motivations (i.e. sociality, health and fitness, and extrinsic ostentation) were not affected. As more experienced in participation as higher in both intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations were found. 3. Average scoring did not affect those intrinsic motivations like technical development and achievement but affected pleasure (p<0.001). Those Extrinsic motivations like sociality (p<0.05), extrinsic ostentation (p<0.05) and condition (p<0.05) were found to be affected significantly by the average scoring.

The purpose of this study was to verify the applicability of the task(TIC) and ego-involving(EIC) teaching program on students` behaviors in a physical education setting. Based on the TARGET structures(task, authority, recognition, grouping, evaluation, and time), TIC and EIC programs being used in the PE Classes were developed. The students in intact classes were assigned into TIC(n=37) and EIC(n=36) programs in PE classes (basketball lessons) over five weeks(three times a week). Their eight class behaviors(appropriate activity, inappropriate activity, cooperative learning, recognition, task-relevant behavior, task-irrelevant behavior, peer learning, waiting time) were video-taped at the last PE class, and were analyzed by the computerized behavioral assessment technique(BEST). The results of behavioral analyses exhibited that peer learning was the most frequently observed behavior among students in TIC program classe, while task irrelevant behavior was the most frequently observed behavior among students in EIC program classe. These results were discussed with practical approach of the achievement goal theory.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perfectionism, competition anxiety, and burnout of physical education high school athletes. Through judgment sampling method, selected 271 survey questionnaires were used for final analysis from high school athletes. With the collected data, stepwise regression analysis were performed by SPSS 14.0. The results of the analysis were summarized as follows. First, the self-oriented perfectionism impacts positively(+) influence on cognitive state anxiety and somatic state anxiety. Moreover, the other-oriented perfectionism impacts negatively(-), but self-oriented perfectionism positively(+) influence on state self-confidence. Second, the socially prescribed perfectionism impacts positively(+) influence on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and the socially prescribed perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism impacts positively(+) influence on reduced personal accomplishment.

The purpose of this study was to examine a conceptual structure of domain-specific learning style scale which modified GRSLSS (Riechmann & Grasha, 1989) developed in general learning contexts into physical education classes contexts. 1,266 boys and girls secondary school students participated in this study, and for analyzing data descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, reliability test, correlation analysis, and multi-group analysis were conducted. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that conceptual constructs of six learning styles (field-independent/field-dependent, avoidant/participant, collaborative/competitive) existed in physical education settings. Both temporal stability of learning style scale in physical education settings consisting of six factors with thirty-nine items and its predictive validity using intrinsic motivation were examined. The results of multi-group analysis showed that factorial invariance across gender and grades were identified and the differences of latent mean were existed in all sub-factors except field-dependent. The results were discussed in relation to previous results of learning styles and its educational implication.

The purpose of this study was to develop the Multidimensional Sport Talent Development Scale (MSTDS) and validate the hypothesized hierarchical factor structure and measurement invariance of the MSTDS across various athletic groups(sport event, gender, and school level). The MSTDS is consisted of twelve factors with the four dimensions (physical ability, mental ability, social support, and practice) to be a function of two higher-order domains (individual and environmental domain). The twelve-factor 57-item MSTDS underlying the four talent dimensions was identified by a series of psychometic procedures such as the content and factor analyses. Data were collected from 759 competitive youth athletes (497 males and 262 females). The results of hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the data fit the hypothesized first-order twelve-factor and second-order four-factor models of the MSTDS reasonably well. The results of multi-group CFAs confirmed measurement of the MSTDS across the groups, indicating the MSTDS would be useful for all the three groups(sport event, gender, and school level). There were latent mean differences of the twelve first-order and the four second-order MSTDS factors across the groups. In general, male and middle school individual athletes tended to possess higher levels of the MSTDS dimensions(physical ability, mental ability, social support, and practice). These results were discussed with theoretical and empirical research of talent development in sport.

The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationships among family support, personality trait, constructs of the theory of planned behavior(attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control), intention for physical activity, and behavior. In step 1, 180 students (90 males, 90 females) from a middle school participated in order to evaluate the reliability and validity of the inventory translated into Korean. In step 2, 449 students (238 males, 211 females) from two middle schools participated to examine the structural relationships among latent variables. The results of structural equation modeling analysis indicated that family support had a direct effect on perceived attitude, but did not predicted physical activity behavior via perceived attitude and subjective norm. in contrast, personality trait not only predicted intention for physical activity via subjective norm and perceived behavior control, but also predicted physical activity behavior via perceived behavior control. The results of multi-group analysis showed that the direct effects of personality trait on perceived attitude and behavior control were stronger in males than females, whereas the direct effect of perceived behavior control on intention for physical activity was stronger in females than males. Moreover, males and females with high activity trait positively participated in physical activity in comparison with those of low activity trait.

The purpose of this study was to verificate the conceptual structures of social achievement goals in physical education contexts and examine its cross-validity. For this, 1,024 boys and girls secondary school students were participated in the study. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, correlation, confirmatory factor analysis, and multi-group analysis were conducted for data analysis. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that validity and temporal stability of social achievement goals scale in physical education (SAGS-PE) consisting of three factors (social mastery goal, social performance-approach goal, and social performance-avoidance goal) with nineteen items were relevant. The results of multi-group analysis indicated that factorial invariance across gender and grades in measurement models was established. In latent mean, boys were higher in social performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals than girls, whereas high school students were lower in social performance-avoidance goal than middle school students. In conclusion, SAGS-PE can be used as a reliable and valid scale for understanding secondary school students` social motivation and measuring their social goals in physical education contexts.

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and practical application of "mental game training" program for the elite pro golfer. This program were consist of "recall the good shot", "course management plan", "skill appling", and "psychological response" factors to improve the round score and the mental game ability, based on the `Smart Golf"(Kirschenbaum,, Owens, & O`Conner, 1998). 3 elite pro golfers(M score = 72.5, SD = 0.5) were participated in this study and trained intensively mental game at the winter training camp in Thailand during 2 weeks. Single-subject replication-reversal design and depth interview with practical assessment and social validation measurement were used to evaluate the efficacy and practical application of mental game training program. As a results, round score were showed the decreasing trends slightly in the intervention phase compared to the baseline phase, and participant reported that this program positively effected to the mental game ability in the practical assessment and social validity outcome. This results meaned that mental game training program could be practically used on the training round for improving golfer`s performance.

This study was conducted in order to examine developmental difference in failure tolerance according to the grade of female dance students using a failure tolerance scale that measures the internal tendency in response to repeated failure situation, and to analyze the relation between failure tolerance and internal motivation multi-dimensionally. For this study, we sampled 143 middle and high school female dance students, and tested difference in failure tolerance according to grade using syntax multivariate analysis. In addition, the relation between failure tolerance and internal motivation was determined through canonical correlation analysis. According to the results of the analyses, compared to middle school ones, high school female dance students showed higher tolerance in task difficulty preference, challenge enjoyment and failure response. In addition, task difficulty preference was the most discriminant factor in showing difference among the grades. The effect estimation centeroid of task difficulty preference in discriminating among the grades was 35.3%. Lastly, when canonical correlation analysis was performed in order to analyze the relation between failure tolerance and internal motivation, task difficulty preference and emotion after failure were in a positive correlation with pleasure-interest and effort, and in a negative correlation with tension-anxiety. The explanatory power for the relation between failure tolerance and internal motivation was 42%.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of adult fitness club members` self-discrepancy of body image on their eating attitude and emotion. The subjects in this study were 20 adults who were at the Western age of 20 and up and worked out in fitness centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. As for data analysis, x2(Chi-square) test, independent-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were carried out. The findings of the study were as follow: First, the women were better aware of their own eating attitude than the men. In terms of emotion, the men took better notice of their own positive factors, and the women were more cognizant of their own depression and anxiety. Second, the rate of the women who wanted to be thinner was far larger than that of the men who did. Third, when their eating attitude was analyzed by self-discrepancy of body image, that made a partial difference to eating attitude. Fourth, there were significant gaps in emotion according to self-discrepancy of body image. Finally, how eating attitude affected emotion was checked, and eating attitude was found to have a significant impact on positive emotion. So it`s found in this study that the self-discrepancy of body image of the adult fitness center members exerted a significant influence on their eating attitude and their anxiety and depression, which were part of emotion. This study is expected to provide empirical information on the dietary habit and related emotion of exercise participants with a perverted body image and how to assist them to form sound workout habits to improve their quality of life.

The general trait partnership measure has received only partial support in the business field literature and management research from drawing conclusions about a consistent pattern of findings. But the study of partnership within sports settings has largely been ignored in the previous research and literature. This has raised questions about the usefulness and construct as presently defined and operationalized when applied to sports settings. In order to study dance sport partnership as a essential elements in relation to sports and performance, there is a need to develop partnership measure for dance sport. The present study aimed to development the partnership questionnaire employed dance sport. The process of the study was threefold: (a) to develop the partnership questionnaire as relevant to dance sport fields; and (b) to test the validation of dance sport partnership questionnaire; and finally (c) to find out the difference of the dance sport partnership on the individual relevants. The participants were 323 dance sport players and descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, corelation analysis used by SPSS 12.0 for Windows and AMOS 18.0. The results of this study were as follow: The detail factors of dance sport partnership were divided into judge-audience response, physical harmony, economical condition and belief. Second, the measuring model of dance sport partnership scale has construct validity. That is, dance sport partnership were appropriate when they were composed of multi-dimension model. Third, external criterion on the measuring model of dance sport partnership was appropriate. Therefore, this model was composed of 18 items 4 factors of dance sport partnership and could be applied to the field directly. Results are discussed in terms of the pratical tenets of partnership, as well as the implications and future directions for study generated by this investigation.

This study was conducted for the purpose of examining the source of dance sports addiction of participants in dance sports, and by doing this, helping them self-diagnosis and healthy dance habits through development of test to measure the level of dance sports addiction. In order to attain this purpose, self-report data were collected through examining references and survey for 125 people for more than one year. Based on this, sources of dance sports addiction were selected, and pre-examination process was performed with pre-test. Through references and self-report materials, positive factors were classified into 18 detailed sectors, and again categorized into 3 general sectors. Negative factors were classified into 26 detailed sectors, and again categorized into 5 general sectors. And in finally categorized general sectors, positive factors were positive emotion, desire to dance, health and appearance, and negative factors were prohibition and persistence. Based on the result of pre-examination, for improve the validity, test for dance sports addiction containing 19 questions selected from 44 questions was finally made through technical statistics, analysis of reliability, and exploratory and confirmative analysis of factors. Final factors of dance sports addiction were classified into 4 factors, and sub-factors and the number of them were composed of dance desire 6 items, physical and mental health 5 items, prohibition 5 items and, persistence 3 items.

This exploratory study was aimed to identify sources of stress in korean junior elite boxers. A total of 226 middle and high school-aged athletes in boxing responded to a open-ended stress question. Inductive content analysis of 474 responses showed that most sources of stress fit in the categories used in previous studies and resulted in six major categories of stress; training and competition demands, fear of failure and punishment, personal costs of sports involvement, worry of academic concerns and life direction, negative relationships with significant others, and other factors. In this study, worry of schoolwork as a sub-category of academic concerns was not frequently reported by research participants. It can be noted that this result is related to the comtemporary administration system of school-based sports program in Korea. The most frequently reported source of stress was a difficulty in weight management. It means that sources of stress can be different depended on the characteristic of the sport events. In the fowwing researches, special regard will be paid to this result.

Grounded on achievement goal theory (e.g., Ames, 1992), the peer influence (e.g., Vazou, Ntoumanis, & Duda, 2005) on young athletes` achievement motivation has been highlighted in recent researches in the field of sport psychology. As required to measure this effect in youth sport, a new measurement of Korean version of peer motivational climate in youth sport questionnaire (K-PMCYS) was developed and tested on Korean student-athletes in a variety of sport teams. The original peer motivational climate questionnaire developed in England were consisted of two main higher order factors, namely task and ego involving climates. Task involving climate contained three lower factors which were improvement, relatedness support, and effort; Ego involving climate included two lower factors, intra-team conflict and intra-team competition·ability. This questionnaire were totally consisted of 5-factor with 21 items to measure peer motivational climate in sport setting. In order to test the validity of Korean version of peer motivational climate which was translated the original questionnaire into Korean, both confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis with 564 young student-athletes in team sport were used. As a result, K-PMCYS had 5 factors with 19 items, excepting 2 items (deleted within intra-team competition/ability) in the higher order factor of ego involving climate. Recommendation and suggestion for the use of Korean version of peer motivational climate questionnaire on the future researches are discussed.